Ban on Raw Nickel Exports to Prevent State Losses and Environmental Sustainability in Indonesia

Willibrordus Riawan Tjandra

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.21

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Ban on Raw Nickel Exports to Prevent State Losses and Environmental Sustainability in Indonesia

Willibrordus Riawan Tjandra^*

Published in International Journal of Law and Society (Volume 8, Issue 3)

Received: 5 August 2025 Accepted: 15 August 2025 Published: 2 September 2025

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Abstract

The ban on raw nickel exports for Indonesia has several benefits, including increased economic benefits, environmental protection, reduced ecological costs, lower emissions, and industrial growth in the downstream sector. Violations of the ban on exporting raw nickel, when compared to the economic benefits obtained, result in state and financial losses. Indonesia must have the courage to take decisive action against violators of the ban on raw nickel exports to prevent state and economic losses. At the same time, it must also have the courage to face the European Union's challenge to the ban on raw nickel exports at the WTO. The policy that benefits Indonesia's national interests faces challenges from within and outside the country. Although viewed from the perspective of protecting non-renewable energy materials, banning the export of raw nickel is highly beneficial. This study aims to justify the prohibition of raw nickel exports and address state losses resulting from violations of the ban on nickel grain exports.

Published in	International Journal of Law and Society (Volume 8, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.21
Page(s)	244-248
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Raw Nickel Exports, Protection of Natural Resources, Environmental Sustainability, Economic Policy, Export Bans, State Losses, Economic Losses

References

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[3]	Elga Nurmutia, CNBC Indonesia. “Punya Dampak Besar, Ini Bukti Nyata Manfaat Hilirisasi Di RI,” n.d. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20240621104109-4-548089/punya-dampak-besar-ini-bukti-nyata-manfaat-hilirisasi-di-ri
[4]	Ghorbani, Yousef, Steven E. Zhang, Julie E. Bourdeau, Nelson S. Chipangamate, Derek H. Rose, Imraan Valodia, and Glen T. Nwaila. "The Strategic Role of Lithium in the Green Energy Transition: Towards an OPEC-Style Framework for Green Energy-Mineral Exporting Countries (GEMEC)." Resources Policy 90, no. September 2023(2024): 104737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.104737
[5]	Issue, Volume. "Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum Dan Keadilan Business on Nickel Down Streaming with China and European Union Lawsuits at World Trade" 12, no. 2(2024).
[6]	Leda, Hen Ajo. “Hilirisasi Industri Nikel Dengan Manfaat Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Yang Berdampak Ke Masyarakat Konten Ini Telah Tayang Di Kompasiana. Com Dengan Judul ‘Hilirisasi Industri Nikel Dengan Manfaat Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Yang Berdampak Ke Masyarakat’, Klik Untuk Baca:,” n.d. https://www.kompasiana.com/hen12684/6687d8f6ed64153a231bf393/hilirisasi-industri-nikel-dengan-manfaat-pertumbuhan-ekonomi-yang-berdampak-ke-masyarakat?page=3&page_images=1
[7]	Nakajima, Kenichi, Ichiro Daigo, Keisuke Nansai, Kazuyo Matsubae, Wataru Takayanagi, Makoto Tomita, and Yasunari Matsuno. "Global Distribution of Material Consumption: Nickel, Copper, and Iron." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 133, no. August 2017(2018): 369-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.08.029
[8]	Pirmana, Viktor, Armida Salsiah Alisjahbana, Arief Anshory Yusuf, Rutger Hoekstra, and Arnold Tukker. "Economic and Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicles Production in Indonesia." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 25, no. 6(2023): 1871-85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-023-02475-6
[9]	Rahman, Faiz Fathur, Ernawati Pasaribu, Jakarta Timur, and Daya Saing. “Analisis Nilai Ekspor Nikel Kode HS 75 Tahun 2017-2023 Dengan Pendekatan Error Correction Mechanism (ECM)” 2021(2023): 1119-28.
[10]	Sunardi, Dedi, Hendri Khuan, Muhammad Dheo Adrian Muhari, Rieneke Ryke Kalalo, Joko Sabtohadi, and Okki Navarone Wibisono. "Export of Crude Nickel (Government of Indonesia Vs. European Union and WTO)." Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 11, no. 4(2023): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i4.678
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APA Style

Tjandra, W. R. (2025). Ban on Raw Nickel Exports to Prevent State Losses and Environmental Sustainability in Indonesia. International Journal of Law and Society, 8(3), 244-248. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.21

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ACS Style

Tjandra, W. R. Ban on Raw Nickel Exports to Prevent State Losses and Environmental Sustainability in Indonesia. Int. J. Law Soc. 2025, 8(3), 244-248. doi: 10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.21

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AMA Style

Tjandra WR. Ban on Raw Nickel Exports to Prevent State Losses and Environmental Sustainability in Indonesia. Int J Law Soc. 2025;8(3):244-248. doi: 10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.21

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@article{10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.21,
  author = {Willibrordus Riawan Tjandra},
  title = {Ban on Raw Nickel Exports to Prevent State Losses and Environmental Sustainability in Indonesia
},
  journal = {International Journal of Law and Society},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {244-248},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.21},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.21},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijls.20250803.21},
  abstract = {The ban on raw nickel exports for Indonesia has several benefits, including increased economic benefits, environmental protection, reduced ecological costs, lower emissions, and industrial growth in the downstream sector. Violations of the ban on exporting raw nickel, when compared to the economic benefits obtained, result in state and financial losses. Indonesia must have the courage to take decisive action against violators of the ban on raw nickel exports to prevent state and economic losses. At the same time, it must also have the courage to face the European Union's challenge to the ban on raw nickel exports at the WTO. The policy that benefits Indonesia's national interests faces challenges from within and outside the country. Although viewed from the perspective of protecting non-renewable energy materials, banning the export of raw nickel is highly beneficial. This study aims to justify the prohibition of raw nickel exports and address state losses resulting from violations of the ban on nickel grain exports.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Ban on Raw Nickel Exports to Prevent State Losses and Environmental Sustainability in Indonesia

AU  - Willibrordus Riawan Tjandra
Y1  - 2025/09/02
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.21
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.21
T2  - International Journal of Law and Society
JF  - International Journal of Law and Society
JO  - International Journal of Law and Society
SP  - 244
EP  - 248
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1908
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.21
AB  - The ban on raw nickel exports for Indonesia has several benefits, including increased economic benefits, environmental protection, reduced ecological costs, lower emissions, and industrial growth in the downstream sector. Violations of the ban on exporting raw nickel, when compared to the economic benefits obtained, result in state and financial losses. Indonesia must have the courage to take decisive action against violators of the ban on raw nickel exports to prevent state and economic losses. At the same time, it must also have the courage to face the European Union's challenge to the ban on raw nickel exports at the WTO. The policy that benefits Indonesia's national interests faces challenges from within and outside the country. Although viewed from the perspective of protecting non-renewable energy materials, banning the export of raw nickel is highly beneficial. This study aims to justify the prohibition of raw nickel exports and address state losses resulting from violations of the ban on nickel grain exports.

VL  - 8
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Willibrordus Riawan Tjandra

Faculty of Law, Atma Jaya University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0002-4332-1747

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APA Style

Tjandra, W. R. (2025). Ban on Raw Nickel Exports to Prevent State Losses and Environmental Sustainability in Indonesia. International Journal of Law and Society, 8(3), 244-248. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.21

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ACS Style

Tjandra, W. R. Ban on Raw Nickel Exports to Prevent State Losses and Environmental Sustainability in Indonesia. Int. J. Law Soc. 2025, 8(3), 244-248. doi: 10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.21

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Tjandra WR. Ban on Raw Nickel Exports to Prevent State Losses and Environmental Sustainability in Indonesia. Int J Law Soc. 2025;8(3):244-248. doi: 10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.21

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.21,
  author = {Willibrordus Riawan Tjandra},
  title = {Ban on Raw Nickel Exports to Prevent State Losses and Environmental Sustainability in Indonesia
},
  journal = {International Journal of Law and Society},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {244-248},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.21},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.21},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijls.20250803.21},
  abstract = {The ban on raw nickel exports for Indonesia has several benefits, including increased economic benefits, environmental protection, reduced ecological costs, lower emissions, and industrial growth in the downstream sector. Violations of the ban on exporting raw nickel, when compared to the economic benefits obtained, result in state and financial losses. Indonesia must have the courage to take decisive action against violators of the ban on raw nickel exports to prevent state and economic losses. At the same time, it must also have the courage to face the European Union's challenge to the ban on raw nickel exports at the WTO. The policy that benefits Indonesia's national interests faces challenges from within and outside the country. Although viewed from the perspective of protecting non-renewable energy materials, banning the export of raw nickel is highly beneficial. This study aims to justify the prohibition of raw nickel exports and address state losses resulting from violations of the ban on nickel grain exports.
},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Ban on Raw Nickel Exports to Prevent State Losses and Environmental Sustainability in Indonesia

AU  - Willibrordus Riawan Tjandra
Y1  - 2025/09/02
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.21
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.21
T2  - International Journal of Law and Society
JF  - International Journal of Law and Society
JO  - International Journal of Law and Society
SP  - 244
EP  - 248
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1908
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.21
AB  - The ban on raw nickel exports for Indonesia has several benefits, including increased economic benefits, environmental protection, reduced ecological costs, lower emissions, and industrial growth in the downstream sector. Violations of the ban on exporting raw nickel, when compared to the economic benefits obtained, result in state and financial losses. Indonesia must have the courage to take decisive action against violators of the ban on raw nickel exports to prevent state and economic losses. At the same time, it must also have the courage to face the European Union's challenge to the ban on raw nickel exports at the WTO. The policy that benefits Indonesia's national interests faces challenges from within and outside the country. Although viewed from the perspective of protecting non-renewable energy materials, banning the export of raw nickel is highly beneficial. This study aims to justify the prohibition of raw nickel exports and address state losses resulting from violations of the ban on nickel grain exports.

VL  - 8
IS  - 3
ER  -

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